6th Coatings Science International 2010

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Posters COSI 2010

Nilesh Badgujar

North Maharashtra University, Dept. of Chemical Technology, Jalgaon, India

Title lecture

Mathematical modelling of microbead dispersion

Authors

Dr. R D Kulkarni and Nilesh Badgujar

Abstract

The dispersion of particulate pigments in polymeric binder in presence of additives and solvents using suitable dispersion machineries is one of the major expensive steps during manufacture of Paint. Steric stabilization mechanisms providing colloidal stabilisations of pigmented dispersions and the detail literature review with reference to design of Bead Mill have been presented. The research investigation was aimed at exploration of practical issues associated with the pigment dispersibilty and with the efficiency of pigment dispersion and synergistic combinations of design features of Bead Mill. Mill base calculations and let down additions were worked out for bead mill for following formulations: White Alkyd Flat Paint (PVC= 30-40 %), White Alkyd semi gloss (PVC= 15-30 %) paint and Blue, Green and Yellow Tints. The dispersion was performed in 1 lit Vertical Bead Mill using 2-3 mm glass beads, L/D ratio of 1.4 and disc diameter to internal diameter ratio of 0.62. The fineness of dispersion was monitored by colour matching spectral analysis (Lab/ Lch and K/S analysis) and SEM. The energy ´E´ and retention time´t´ at which the dispersion takes place were determined. These results were used to obtain effective volume, frequency of deagglomeration, and mediation constant (in reference to grinding media) of bead mill. The Mathematical Model based on these investigations was derived and explored for other Bead Mill dimensions (L/D ratio) and grinding media geometries and compositions. The results have been interpreted on the basis of Adhesion and Cohesion phenomenon operating in Bead Mill.

Assis Vicente Benedetti

Departamento F¡sico-Química, Instituto de Química, Unesp- Univ. Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil

Title lecture

Effect of the cerium (IV) and cerium (III) ions in a hybrid coating (siloxane-PMMA based) to protect tin coated steel against corrosion

Authors

P. H. Suegama, V. H. V. Sarmento, A. V. Benedetti, H.G. de Melo, I. V. Aoki, C. V. Santilli

Abstract

Cerium (III) is known to act as corrosion inhibitor in aqueous aggressive medium. The mechanism of action of rare earth elements, as cerium (III), is based on blocking mainly the cathodic areas of the material, reducing the rate of the cathodic reaction and, as consequence, the anodic process. Cerium (IV) ions have catalytic effect on the reticulation of the silane layer. A mechanism involving radical formation and Ce³⁺ ions releasing can explain the better reticulation and the coating performance against corrosion when compared with undoped silane films.

Tinplate is widely used as food canning material; however, significant problems exist related to its use in cans, such as alterations in sensory features, affecting food quality, and corrosion phenomena of the canning material. Because of toxicity of Cr(VI) ions, environmental legislation has pressured for prohibiting pre-treatments with these ions, and then alternative pre-treatments have been investigated.

In this work, the effect of a siloxane-PMMA doped with Ce³⁺ or Ce⁴⁺ ions in the anti-corrosion behavior of hybrid coatings applied on tin coated steel immersed in naturally aerated 3.5% NaCl solutions was studied. The first step of hybrid sols preparation was the mixing of TEOS and MPTS, molar ratio [TEOS]/[MPTS]=2.0, acidified water ([H₂O]/[Si]=3.5) pH=1 and ethanol/H₂0=0.5, for 1h at 60 °C. The second step was the mixture of MMA using or not BPO as radical polymerization initiator, ([BPO]/[MMA] = 0.01) at room temperature. In both steps 125 ppm of Ce³⁺ or Ce⁴⁺ ions was added. After mixing organic and inorganic phases and substrate immersion, the MMA polymerization (55 °C, 24h) and cure (160 °C, 3h) were done. Open circuit potential (EOC), linear polarization (Rp), polarization curves and electrochemical impedance measurements were performed for all samples. The Ce⁴⁺ ions added to the sol-gel mixture showed higher protection against corrosion of tin coated steel samples (EOC=-0.42 V, Rp=7.70 MΩ cm², current at -0.400 V=1.26x10-8 A cm^-2 and larger capacitive loop) than Ce³⁺ ions (EOC=-0.53 V, Rp=2.89 MΩ cm², current at -0.400 V=1.05x10-7 A cm^-2). The action of cerium ions in both steps of coatings preparation was also qualitatively investigated and the plausible reactions discussed.

For hybrid coatings, the addition of Ce(IV) ions improves the MMA polimerization and the polycondensation degree of siloxane phase. Thus, Ce(IV) ions act in the structure of both organic and inorganic phases to produce coatings with more closed structure, improving the barrier effect against corrosion.

Priya Deshpande

North Maharashtra University, Dept. of Chemical Technology, Jalgaon, India

Title lecture

Scratch and abrasion resistant UV curable coatings based on acrylates of epoxidised sunflower oils and nanoclays

Authors

R. D. Kulkarni, Priya Deshpande, Mayur Chaudhari, S. Mishra and P P Mahulikar

Abstract

Oriented plate nanopigments provide reinforcement effect and thus contribute increased hardness and scratch resistance to paints formulated using these pigments. The changes in characteristics of coatings as a result of high particle surface area per unit volume of nanopigments have been presented. Aim of investigation was to develop Scratch and Abrasion Resistant UV Curable coatings based on Acrylates of Epoxidised Sunflower Oils as binder and nanoclays as pigments.

Refined sunflower oil was epoxidised using preformed/ insitu synthesized peracetic acid/ performic acid in presence of toluene / CCl4 as azeotropic solvent. The reaction progress was monitored by determining EEW, IV, and HV at regular intervals and conducting online FTIR analysis. Ring opening of newly formed epoxide ring was minimised by keeping to a minimum the reaction temperature and the reaction time. These epoxidised oils were reacted with multifunctional (TMPTA/ NPGDA) acrylates, monofunctional acrylates (acrylic acid) and acrylate oligomers in presence of nanoclay. The objective was to facilitate the exfoliation of layers of nanoclays by intercalation of monomers followed by in-situ polymerisation. The observed enhancement in scratch and abrasion resistance after UV cure have been explained on the basis of core-shell interactions between acrylate polymeric chains and nanoclay surface on the basis of evidences provided by FTIR and AFM investigations of nanoclay dispersions and coating films.

Dr M.Farshchi-Tabrizi

Physics Department, Bu- Ali Sina University, Hamedan-Iran /
Max-Plank Institute for polymer Research, Maniz-Germany

Title lecture

Surface modification of chitosan membrane treated by N₂ and Ar Plasma

Authors

B. Jaleh, M. Farshchi-Tabrizi, P. Wanichapichart, N.gholamia, R.Mashayekhid,A. Pourakbar Saffare

Abstract

Dense chitosan membrane were prepared and investigated for surface modification using argon and nitrogen plasma produced at low pressures with Radio frequency (RF) at power ranging from10-50 W. RF plasma offers a unique route for surface modification of polymers. The influence of the plasma treatment conditions on the basic properties of the membranes, namely pore size and flow rate has been studied. The action of plasma on porous membranes results in polymer ablation leading to the increase of the mean pore diameter confirmed by increasing water flux for plasma treated pp membrane and decreasing constant dielectric. In determining the flux, the hydrophilicity of the surface played a role as important as that of the micropore size. Changes of membrane characteristics after the N2 and Ar plasma treatment were examined. The contact angle with water decreases and wettabilities have increases with the increase of plasma treatment time.

Dr. ir. Nathalie De Geyter

Department of Applied Physics Faculty of Engineering - Ghent University (UGent), Belgium

Title lecture

Plasma-assisted deposition of polymethyl methacrylate onto TiO₂ substrates

Authors

N. De Geyter, R. Morent, M. Frère-Trentesaux, P. Dubruel, C. Leys1 and E. Payen

Abstract

Plasma polymerization is a unique technique to fabricate thin polymer films from a wide variety of organic and organometallic precursors. Plasma polymerized films are pinhole-free and highly cross-linked and therefore insoluble, thermally stable, chemically inert and mechanically tough. Furthermore, such films are often highly adherent to a variety of substrates including conventional polymer, glass and metal surfaces. Due to these excellent characteristics, plasma-polymerized films have been used in a wide variety of applications including barrier coatings, protective coatings, selective permeation membranes and dielectric layers in microelectronics. Besides these well-known examples, state-of-the-art applications are continuously being developed, especially in the biomedical domain.

Generally, a large part of research related to plasma-assisted thin film deposition has involved low pressure non-thermal plasma technologies. Although vacuum treatment processes afford good control over gas chemistry and provide the possibility of using high energetic species (in the range of several eV to hundreds of eV) in the deposition process, atmospheric pressure processing techniques are offering specific advantages, such as the elimination of expensive vacuum equipment, easier handling of the samples and scalability for industrial on-line processing. Therefore, in recent years, a lot of effort has been put into the development of non-thermal plasma reactors for thin film deposition working at or near atmospheric pressure.

This paper will focus on the formation of coatings in an atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) using methyl methacrylate (MMA) as gaseous precursor. Plasma polymerized films will be deposited onto TiO2 samples, which is a common material used for artificial hips. Depositing a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-like coating onto TiO2 can improve the fixation of artificial hips, since the bone cement used to fixate the hip into the human body normally consists of MMA or PMMA. In this work, the chemical and physical properties of the obtained PMMA-like coatings will be discussed in detail using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM).

Prof. Dr. Mahmood Ghoranneviss

Islamic azad University, Plasma Physics Research Center, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran

Title lecture

Investigation on Dye ability and Antibacterial activity of nano- Layer Platinum Coated Polyester fabric Using DC Magnetron Sputtering

Authors

M.Ghoranneviss, S.Shahidi, J.Wiener, H.Shahbakhti, A.Hatmi

Abstract

Low temperature plasma treatment has been conducted in textile industry and has some success in the dyeing and finishing processes. PET fibers have been increasingly used in textile industries for a variety of applications ranging from filtration, composites, and tissue engineering and electronic textiles. The surface properties of these polymer fibers are of importance in various applications. The surface properties of PET fibers can be modified by different techniques. The affinity of Polyester fibers to natural dyes is too weak, so many research have done to improve the dyeability of this fiber. In this research work, one side of PET fabrics was coated by Platinum using DC magnetron sputtering. The textile properties of Pt-coated polyester fabrics were evaluated by different standard testing methods in terms of both physical and chemical performances. The dye ability of coated and uncoated samples to different natural and synthetic dyes was evaluated. The antibacterial counting test was used for determination of antibacterial efficiency of both treated and untreated samples, and durability of antibacterial properties was compared. The results show that, the existence of platinum nanolayer on the surface of PET fabrics causes improve the dyeability of fabrics. However, this improvement for natural dyes is more significant. Also the antibacterial activity of natural dyed samples is notable.

Dr. Marc Herold

Bühler PARTEC GmbH, CTO Business Unit PARTEC- Bühler AG, Saarbrücken, Germany

Title lecture

Superior eco friendly waterborne coatings due to nanoparticle technology

Authors

Dr. M. Herold and Dr. K. Steingröver

Abstract

Eco-friendly waterborne paints and coatings already gained considerable interest and market shares compared to traditional solvent borne systems. This ongoing development is not only driven by stricter legislation but also due to the general increasing environmental awareness. Even on the rise, waterbornes have well known limitation in overall performance compared to classical solvent born systems preventing their general use in several field of application.

An innovative performance additive, potentially closing the gap in performance deficiency of waterborne paints and coatings, will be presented. The exceptionally effective additive is based on nanoparticle technology containing tailor-made nanoparticles which improve the overall coating performance due to direct resin interaction. We assume that the nanoparticles interfere in the drying process resulting in a polymer network of higher density. This effect closely depends on the high degree of dispersion as well as by the high surface area of the nanoscaled particles. In addition, due to the neglectable light scattering, the technology is widely applicable also in transparent clear coats.

The general chemomechanical process to produce nanoscaled dispersions of inorganic oxides from agglomerated nano powders will be present including the chemical surface modification reaction under well-defined mechanical stress conditions for customization of nanoparticles with respect to industrial formulation.

Paramount advantages in performance enhancement on water-based acrylic emulsion systems for wood and metal substrates by utilizing this new additive will be presented. It positively improves several coating properties at the same time without negative consequences on others. In particular the considerable improvements regarding MEK rub stability, drying time, blocking resistance and stability against humidity will be highlighted.
In conclusion a novel and innovative approach by making use of nanoscaled particles will be presented having the potential to alter the landscape of eco friendly waterborne coatings.

Dr. Byung-Koog Jang

Fine Particle Processing Group, Nano Ceramics Center National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

Title lecture

Microstructure of Nanoporous Zirconia Coatings Fabricated by EB-PVD

Authors

B.K. Jang, Y. Sakka, K. Matsumoto, H. Matsubara and H.T.Kim

Abstract

Electron beam-physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) is a widely used technique for depositing thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) on metal substrates for high temperature applications, such as gas turbines, in order to improve the thermal efficiency. Low thermal conductivity is one of the most important properties for obtaining superior TBCs. To optimize TBCs for integration into gas turbines, characterization of the relationship between microstructure and thermal properties of the coatings is necessary. This work describes the microstructure of ZrO2-4mol% Y2O3 (YSZ) coatings as a function of the substrate rotation speed.

YSZ coatings were deposited by EB-PVD onto zirconia substrates. Coated specimens formed at different rotation speeds namely stationary, 1, 5 and 20 rpm. The average coating thickness was about 300 μm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy were used to determine the crystal structures of the phases present and to determine if any preferred orientation developed in the coatings. The YSZ coatings consist of porous-columnar grains containing nano pores. Nano sized pores could be observed around feather-like grains as well as inside of columnar grains. The total porosity and numbers of nano pores of YSZ coatings increased with increasing substrate rotation speed during deposition.

Dr. James G. Kohl

Associate Professor, Engineering Department University of San Diego, San Diego, USA

Title lecture

Removal of Pseudobarnacles (Epoxy) from Thin Silicone Based Hydrophobic Coatings Due to an Applied Pull-off Force

Authors

James G. Kohl, Duane L. Simonson, David M. Malicky, Bernadette A. Higgins, R. Andrew McGill Adam M. Jones

Abstract

Two sets of experiments were performed on thin silicone based hydrophobic monolayer coatings with a glass microscope slide as the substrate.These coatings form strong covalent bond to the substrate yet provides a low work of adhesion.These clear coatings may be applied to glass surfaces that are used underwater.One coating tested was MeCSi (1-chloro-1-methyl-1-silacyclobutane) and the other was CSi (1,1´-dichloro-1-silacyclobutane).These monomeric groups provide one and two attachment points for forming siloxane bonds on the glass.These effectively replace the polar OH surface groups with groups (methylsilacyclobutane and silacyclobutane) that may be polymerized upon heat treatment.Pseudobarnacles (Torr Seal epoxied to aluminum studs) were allowed to cure on the coatings and then removed by pull-off tests.These coatings were tested before curing and after heat treatment at 250oC.This heating may thermally ring-open polymerize to generate surface-bound carbosilane polymers.It was shown that the methylsilacyclobutane coatings exhibited lower pull-off stress values than the CSi coatings for both the as-received and heat treated conditions.When comparing the values of pull-off stress for the as-received condition versus heat treated condition, it was shown that heat treating resulted in a higher pull-off stress than the unheated coating for both systems.Heat treating the CSi coating resulted in a larger increase in the pull-off stress than did heat treating the MeCSi coating.The MeCSi coating in the as-received condition resulted in pull-off stress values near that of a thin (~70 μm) Sylgard 184 coating.In order to further investigate the contact angle measurements and micro/nanoindentation tests were performed on all coatings.

Prof. Dr. Marcos Massi

Technological Institute of Aeronautics, Plasma and Processes Laboratory, Physics Department, S. J. dos Campos, Brazil

Title lecture

Comparison between conventional and hollow cathode magnetron sputtering systems to deposition of photocatalytic anatase titanium dioxide thin films

Authors

D. A. Duarte, M. Massi, A. S. da Silva Sobrinho

Abstract

Hollow cathode magnetron sputtering is an efficient device used to improve some discharge parameters like plasma density and electron energy, whose effects contributes to the increase of the energy influx on the substrate surface. This work reports the growing of photocatalytic titanium dioxide thin films by two techniques namely, conventional magnetron sputtering (CMS) and cylindrical hollow cathode magnetron sputtering (HCMS). Titanium dioxide thin films were deposited on p-Si (100) substrates, varying some plasma parameters, such as, axial distance and oxygen concentration in the Ar+O2 mixture. Samples were characterized by profilometry, XRD and AFM. Profilometry results shown that the deposition rate of HCMS system is higher than the deposition rate of CMS. XRD patterns shown that all films deposited by CMS system present predominantly the anatase phase, while the films deposited by HCMS system present a mixture of anatase and rutile phases. The rutile phase crystallization in films deposited by HCMS is probably attributed to the permanent conversion of the anatase phase to rutile phase, once all films deposited by HCMS reached a surface temperature of about 400oC, that is approximately the temperature required to convert anatase phase into rutile phase. The Rrms values measured by AFM are lower for films deposited on the CMS system. This effect can be directly correlated with the energy influx on the substrate surface produced by the hollow cathode effect. The CMS is a versatile technique to grow titanium dioxide with anatase orientation that has good catalytic properties. However, the photocatalytic reactions on the titanium dioxide surface can also be optimized by increasing the surface area or the surface roughness of the film exposed to ultraviolet radiation. In this sense, the HCMS system is more appropriated to deposit photocatalytic films than the CMS system, because it predominantly deposits TiO2 films with anatase phase and higher surface roughness.

Prof. Dr. Marcos Massi

Technological Institute of Aeronautics, Plasma and Processes Laboratory, Physics Department, S. J. dos Campos, Brazil

Title lecture

Effects of Microwave Excited Plasma Treatment on Adhesion Properties of EPDM rub

Authors

Abstract

The purpose of this work was to investigate the surface treatment of EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer) rubber by microwave excited plasmas processes. EPDM rubber is a potential material for application in aeronautics industry mainly as thermal protection of rocket motors, due to its low specific mass, excellent mechanical properties and low cost, when compared to other elastomers used for similar application [1]. However, the EPDM exhibits low surface energy, which damages its adhesion properties to epoxy and urethane based adhesives. The use of plasma treatment is an interesting alternative to modify the rubber surface, from a few nanometers up to some micrometers, changing the surface without generating harmful byproducts, keeping unaltered the bulk properties of the material [2]. In the present work, microwave excited plasma (2.45GHz, 1kW) was used to modify the surface properties of the EPDM rubber. The samples were treated by a plasma comprised of a mixture of hydrogen, nitrogen and argon (4:1:1) in discharges with total gas flow rate of 50 sccm under pressure of 250 mTorr. The focus of this work was to verify the influence of the treatment time on the amount of superficial specimens of the samples, analyzed by X-ray photoelectrons spectroscopy (XPS) and their thermodynamics properties like surface energy and work of adhesion, calculated from goniometry data. Their mechanical properties were determined by tensile strength tests. The results showed that the plasma treatment can significantly change the contact angle, from 101° (untreated sample) to 34° (sample treated for 120 seconds), corresponding to an increase in the work of adhesion of the rubber from 59 mJ/m2 to 135 mJ/m2, and a considerable augment in the species amount present on the surface.

[1] J H Moraes et al J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. v.40 (2007) 7747-7752.
[2] K F Grythe; F K Hansen; T Olsen J. Adhes. v.83 (2007) 223-254.

Ass. Prof. Wei-guo Mao

Xiangtan University, P.R. China

Title lecture

Effects of piezo-spectroscopic coefficients of 8 wt.% Y₂O₃ stabilized ZrO₂ on residual stress measurement of thermal barrier coatings by Raman spectroscopy

Authors

W. G. Mao, Q. Chen, Y. C. Zhou, and C. Lu

Abstract

By using specially designed freestanding specimens, a linear relationship is found between the Raman peak shift, , and applied uniaxial compressive stress, , i.e., with being the piezo-spectroscopic coefficient. And then the relationship is used to determine in-plane residual stress in air plasma sprayed 8 wt.% Y2O3 stabilized ZrO2 (8YSZ) thermal barrier coatings. It is shown that of 8YSZ thermal barrier coatings is an exponential function of the thermal cycle N: . Based on these two relationships, the actual residual stress of thermal barrier coatings can be determined by Raman spectroscopy method. The results are well consistent with those obtained by X-ray diffraction and theoretical calculations.

Nicole Meulendijks

TNO Science and Industry, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

Title Lecture

Surface modification and coatings for medical devices

Autors

Nicole Meulendijks, Susan Reinders, Tessa ten Cate, Kjeld van Bommel, Corné Rentrop

Abstract

Coatings are a very attractive means to tune the surface characteristics of a material without altering the inherent properties or appearance of a product. As such, coatings are of great interest for medical applications as they can provide medical devices, equipment and other related surfaces with improved properties related to e.g. adhesion, antifouling and cleanability, and friction. Such improved properties will lead to increased safety, easy of use, patient comfort and ultimately a more efficient and cost-effective healthcare system. Over the past years TNO has developed proprietary surface modification and coating technology for use on medical devices. A first class of coatings is aimed at reducing the friction of substrates. Low friction coatings are used to facilitate the introduction and removal of medical devices into and from the human body. By coating devices with a friction reduction coating they are less prone to cause tissue damage and hence increased safety and patients comfort is achieved. The TNO technology is based on specific types of polymers that can be covalently attached to a surface, resulting in thin coatings with a high grafting density and long term stability. When wetted these coatings provide a reduction in the friction coefficient that can be as high as 99%. A second class of coatings is aimed at preventing (bio)adhesion. By preventing bacterial adhesion, infections can be prevented, better cleaning is allowed and removal of bacteria is facilitated. TNO has combined inorganic particles with known coating matrices in order to form micro-and nano-structured coatings that have been shown to effectively prevent biofouling and/or increase the cleanability of surfaces Both classes of coatings can be applied on a wide range of materials, such as glass, metal, polymer or textile substrates, allowing their use on various objects including guide wires, catheters, angioplasty balloons, implants, instrumentation and equipment. This presentation will give an overview of TNO´s latest results in this area.

Dr. Rino Morent

Department of Applied Physics Faculty of Engineering - Ghent University (UGent), Belgium

Title lecture

Allylamine plasma polymer films for biomedical applications

Authors

R. Morent, N. De Geyter, M. Frère-Trentesaux, P. Dubruel, C. Leys and E. Payen

Abstract

The importance of amino functionalization of polymers, for instance in biomedical applications, only starts to become apparent. In contrast to most other functional groups, the protonated amino group introduces a localized positive charge to the polymer and may, in aqueous solution at physiological pH values, primarily attract negatively charged biomolecules. In addition, due to their good chemical reactivity, amino groups are widely used in biochemistry for covalent coupling of proteins in aqueous environments. Amino groups are therefore efficient in immobilizing biomolecules and in promoting cell adhesion. In this work, allylamine will be plasma-polymerized onto polypropylene (PP) films in order to obtain PP surfaces with a high amount of amino groups. The chemical and physical properties of the obtained coatings will be discussed in detail using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM).

Arturo Muñoz-Castro

Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, México DF

Title lecture

Surface PIII modification of CpTi for dental applications

Authors

R. López-Callejas, R. Valencia A., A. E. Muñoz-Castro, R. Peña-Eguiluz A. Mercado-Cabrera, S. R. Barocio, A. de la Piedad-Beneitez

Abstract

Specifically designed and built CpTi pieces in the shape of threaded root-form dental implants have been treated by means of plasma immersed ion implantation (PIII) in an optimised 80% nitrogen 20% oxygen mixture at 1*10^-2 Torr. The low surface wearing resistance of CpTi can thus be prevented while developing a highly biocompatible rutile phase titanium oxide layer for a better osseo-integration. Stratified TiO₂ (rutile) and TiN_x layers were identified from XRD and Raman spectroscopy. An upper rutile layer is found to be immediately followed by a nitride (TiN_x) one, which leads to a superior microhardness performance. The implant surface hardness was improved up to more than six times with respect to that of the untreated reference pieces. Most all these treatments of titanium are conducive to corrosion resistance parameters higher than those of the most usual metals used in prosthetics

Dale Molloy

School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen´s University of Belfast, Ashby Building, Belfast, UK

Title lecture

Thermal analysis of brush plated nickel sulfamate coatings

Authors

Molloy, D. A., Malinov, S., and Hill, P.

Abstract

Nickel sulfamate solution was applied to mild steel substrates by the process of selective plating. The coated samples where heated to temperatures in the range of 50 °C to 1000 °C. Thermal analysis and microscopy techniques where used to investigate the effect of secondary heating on the microstructure and composition of the surface coatings.

High temperature x-ray diffraction and thermogravimetry analysis where used to study the phase transformations occurring in the coatings during secondary heating, with optical and scanning electron microscopies being used to investigate the micro- and nanostructure changes of the heat treated coatings. In addition energy dispersive X-ray analysis was applied to investigate the local composition changes and phase transformations taking place during secondary heating. The surface hardness of the coatings as they underwent heat treatment was also investigated.

The microscopy analysis showed that the secondary heating caused diffusion within the coating itself and diffusion between the coating and the substrate. This diffusion redistribution caused a number of phase transformations and changes in the surface layers. Layer and grain growth at different conditions were investigated. The grains were also found to take their preferred orientation as they where heated. The surface hardness was found to initially rise until 200 °C before steadily decreasing.

Dr. K. S. Nagaraja

Department of Chemistry, Loyola Institute of Frontier Energy, Loyola College Chennai, India

Title lecture

Formation of SiC(O) by plasma assisted liquid injection chemical vapor deposition (PA-LICVD)

Authors

J. Selvakumara, D. Sathiyamoorthyb, K. S. Nagarajaa

Abstract

Low dielectric constant (low-k) materials become increasingly important for microelectronics as interconnect delays limit circuits performance. Many researchers have developed various kinds of organic, inorganic and hybrid materials as an alternative to the conventional SiO₂ film. They include various low-k materials such as SiOC, SiOF, a-C:F, SiLK, hydrogensilsesquioxane (HSQ), etc. The dielectric films formed from inorganic materials have good thermal, mechanical stability and adhesion. One of the promising methods of SiOC(–H) film deposition is plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) using organosilane molecules as source materials. We hereby report the synthesis of SiC(O) material by plasma assisted liquid injection chemical vapor deposition (PA-LICVD) at 773 K in an Ar/H₂ plasma environment with methanol orn-pentane solution of organosilane as precursor. The activation energy for the evaporation of organosilane precursor was calculated as 29 kJ mol^-1 (323-337 K) using Arrhenius expression from the differential thermogravimetry analysis in high pure nitrogen atmosphere. The plasma assisted liquid injection CVD system was indigenously developed for the deposition of SiC(O). The SiC(O) deposition was carried out by using various plasma current and Ar/H₂ gas composition. The precursor solution (0.09 g mL^-1) was delivered continuously using a valveless metering pump (FMI “Q” Pump-QG 150) with a mean feed rate (0.5 mL min^-1) to the vaporizer. The films were characterized by SEM, EDX, FT-IR, TG and X-ray analysis. The surface morphology of the deposited thick films exhibit densely packed microstructures free from structural defects on various substrate materials such as Si, glass, alumina and graphite under a deposition pressure of 0.8-1 mbar. The synthesized films are SiC(O) with the thickness of ~10-15 mm. The film deposited using 0.27 A as plasma current exhibited a high oxygen incorporation and low carbon composition in the film, suggesting that the 0.18-0.25 A current range is more appropriate for depositing oxygen-free SiC thin films in the future for nuclear applications. The extensive film coverage on the surface suggests that the present CVD apparatus and process is more appropriate to industrial and technological applications.

Ujwal Patil

North Maharashtra University, Dept. of Chemical Technology, Jalgaon, India

Title lecture

Solution spray synthesis of Nano Silver and design and development of hygienic coatings and antifouling paints

Authors

R. D. Kulkarni, N. Ghosh, U. D. Patil and S. Mishra

Abstract

The fouling organisms (e.g. barnacles) develop their colonies on the underwater part of ship which produces a drag on a ship while travelling in a sea causing increase in fuel consumption. Microbial evolution on a wide variety of surfaces can produce corrosion, dirt, smells and even serious hygiene and health problems. The currently used ceramic products, such as bathtub, toilet, water tank, bowl, dish and various decoration materials, such as wall tile, floor tile, are exposed to bacteria-carrying bodies, thus may be infected by various bacteria of disease and conditional pathogenic bacteria. The design and development of the hygienic coatings and antifouling Coatings based on biocidal activity of nanosilver have been presented. In present investigation, solution spray technique was used to prepare nano Silver through use of silver salt (Nitrate/chloride) as precursor, hydrazine hydrate as precipitator and polyvinyl pyrollidone as protecting agent. The synthesis were monitored by SEM, UV–vis extinction spectra, AFM and XRD, and regulated through use of surfactants such as SDS, CTAB for specific size and shape, yield, purity, monodispersity, scale of synthesis and total synthetic time.The solution spray process yielded Nano Silver in the particle size range of 50-100 nm.

Nanosilver was incorporated during semi continuous solution polymerisation of methyl methacrylate, hydroxy ethyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate and methacrylic acid using benzoyl peroxide as initiator and methyl ethyl ketone as solvent. The fouling control of nanosilver in acrylate antifouling paint was estimated in relation to pH, temperature and alkalinity and was found to be superior over those based on conventional combinations of Cu₂O and TBT. A mathematical model estimating nanosilver leaching rate in relation to pigment-binder ratio and specific marine conditions have been developed.
The architectural enamel was prepared in specifically modified bead mill using saturated polyesters as binder and silver as nanopigments. The enamel was spray applied on wall surfaces of Floor Mill, Canteen Kitchen and Hospital at different film thickness. The hygienic effect was evaluated in relation to particle size, and surface morphology of nanopigments, pigment-binder ratio and relative humidity.

The empirical investigations have thus established the feasibility of development of Hygienic Coatings and Antifouling Paints based on Nano Silver.

Haibo Peng

School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University South Tianshui, China

Title lecture

Study on interaction of highly charged Ar ions with solid surface

Authors

Peng H B, Wang T S, Zhang X H, Cheng R, Ding J Jie, HAN Y C, Zhao Y T, Wang Y Y, Xiao G Q

Abstract

In this work, the angular distribution of sputtering ions by highly charged ions (HCIs) of Arq+ extracted from ECR ion source impacted on solid surface of SiO² and mica was measured by a multi-channel plate (MCP). The experimental results were fitted by a simple formula and a brief interpretation was given. The sputtering yield increased with increase of the potential energy of ions in the interaction of Arq+ ion with surfaces. For impact of Ar16+ on the solid surface, the sputtering yield was proportional to nuclear stopping power.

B. Ramezanzadeh

Amirkabir Universiyy of Technology, Polymer and Color Engineering, Department of Polymer and Color Technology, Tehran, Iran

Title lecture

Comparison the corrosion performance of trivalent and hexavalent chromium based conversion coatings on steel

Authors

B.Ramezanzadeh, M.M.Attar, M.Farzam

Abstract

Hexavalent chromium and phosphate conversion coatings are the most important anticorrosive conventional conversion coatings for automotive surface bodies treatment. Due to the excellent corrosion performance of these treatments, they could be able to produce a conversion coating on metal substrates. However, the producing toxic and carcinogenic compounds and their irretrievable unacceptable effects on environment, they have been decreasing and replacing by the environmental friendly coatings. This study aims to investigate and compare the corrosion performance of an automotive substrate treated by an environmental friendly treatment of Cr(III) with the conventional conversion coatings of Cr(VI) and phosphate. To this end, chromium nitrate (Cr (NO3)3) was utilized as chromate bath. The Cr(III) conversion coatings were applied over the two steel metal substrates with and without mill scale. In order to obtain the optimum condition of chromium bath, samples were coated at various immersion time and pH's of chromate bath. The corrosion resistance of Cr(VI) and phosphate conversion coatings, and Cr(III) treatment were obtained using an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and anodic polarization in a 3.5 wt% of NaCl solution. In addition, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was utilized to study the morphology of conversion coatings on two substrates. Results revealed that, Cr(III) treatment can produce an anticorrosion performance on steel substrate without mill scale layer. No appropriate anticorrosion performance was obtained on steel with mill scale. Comparing the results of the corrosion performance of two conversion coatings of Cr(III) and Cr(VI), it can be clearly found that although, Cr(VI) coating has had better performance than Cr(III) at shorter immersion times in corrosion environment, a comparable corrosion resistance of Cr(III) coatings can be observed at higher exposure times indicating an acceptable anticorrosion performance of this treatment on steel.

Matthias Rydzek

Bayerisches Zentrum fuer Angewandte Energieforschung e.V., Abteilung: Funktionsmaterialien der Energietechnik, Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research, Division: Functional Materials for Energy Technology, ZAE Bayern, Wuerzburg, Germany

Title lecture

Comparative Study of Sol-Gel Derived Tin-doped Indium- and Aluminum-doped Zinc-Oxide Coatings for Electrical Conducting and Low-Emitting Surfaces

Authors

Matthias Rydzek, Matthias Reidinger, Maria-Carla Arduini-Schuster, Jochen Manara

Abstract

In addition to the well-established functional coatings of doped indium oxides (e.g. indium tin oxide - ITO), cost-efficient transparent conductive oxide (TCO) compounds based on doped zinc oxides (e.g. aluminum zinc oxide - AZO) have been investigated. The electrical, morphological and optical properties of both types of coatings are compared. Furthermore, the influence of sintering temperature and process-gases on the layer qualities is discussed.

At ambient temperature, the contribution of thermal radiative transfer to the total heat transfer is very significant in many applications. Here, the emittance of a surface is of mayor importance regarding its radiative exchange with its surroundings. Low-emitting surfaces can significantly decrease the radiative heat transfer by reducing the emission in the infrared spectral region or by reflecting the main part of the incident infrared radiation. For the deposition of transparent conductive oxides, such as tin-doped indium oxide and aluminum-doped zinc oxide on various substrates, improved sol-gel processes have been developed. Colloidal solutions consisting of inorganic precursors were applied via dip-coating or similar methods, crystallized on the substrate and subsequently annealed in order to enhance the number of free charge carriers and the electrical conductivity, respectively.

In addition to the conventional layer properties like high transparency in the visible spectral region, this work mainly focuses on the comparison of the infrared-optical characteristics in the mid and far infrared spectral region. The directional-hemispherical reflectance and transmittance of functional tin-doped indium oxide and aluminum-doped zinc oxide multilayer structures with thicknesses of 30 to 500 nm were measured in the wavelength range between 0.25 and 35 µm and the thermal emission was calculated and correlated with the electrical layer properties and the doping level of the coatings.

Important characteristics of the coatings such as thickness, smoothness, porosity, charge-carrier mobility and concentration, doping level, band gap as well as the position of the plasma wavelength were influenced by varying the preparation parameters. To gain further insights, the films were analyzed using SEM, EDX, XRD and 4-point conductivity measurements.
Both types of the functional coatings are highly transparent in the visible spectral region with over 80 % and their specific resistivity reaches values up to 3.0×10-4 W×cm. By applying multilayered coatings on a float glass substrate, the surface emittance was reduced from 89 % to less than 20 % in the infrared spectral range.

Sudeshna Saha

Université du Québec a Chicoutimi, Canada

Title lecture

Photo-stabilization of Acrylic Polyurethane Coatings for Exterior Application on Wood Using Bark Extract

Authors

Sudeshna Saha, Duygu Kocaefe, Yaman Boluk, Andre Pichette

Abstract

Heat-treated wood is a value added product which has many advantages compared to non-treated wood e.g., improved dimensional stability, biological resistance and thermal insulating capacity and moreover an attractive dark color. Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean region of Quebec in Canada is the leader of heat-treated wood in North America.Exposure of heat-treated wood to various environmental factors such as solar radiation, water, heat, pollutants etc. for long periods leads to photochemical reactions resulting in discoloration of wood surface. With the move towards added-value products and with higher quality product specifications discolorations have become an important, economic problem. Therefore, color defects are less tolerable and they ultimately lead to a reduction of some physical, chemical and biological properties of heat-treated wood. In order to increase the service life of this new non toxic product, development of environment friendly transparent coatings with minimal use of chemicals is very important for wood industries. For coating development, the main challenge lies in balancing between aesthetic and protection. From the aesthetic point of view the consumer´s trends favor the natural look of the wood whereas best protection is provided by the pigmented coatings which tend to cover the wood surface. For exterior exposure, clear coatings are not recommended since lignin present at the surface beneath the coatings can easily absorb UV radiation and photo degradation occur. This leads to delamination of coating, consequently, to catastrophic failure. Water based acrylic polyurethane coatings have wide applications and chosen for this study because of their high durability characteristics and environment friendliness. In this study, the acrylic polyurethane coating is further improved by adding natural antioxidant (bark extract) and lignin stabilizer in order to have a better resistance against different weathering factors. An accelerated aging test has been carried out for comparing performances of different coatings, thus, predicting their longevity when exposed to different environmental factors. The color changes of acrylic polyurethane coating prepared with different additives are measured before and after different weathering times. Also the gloss changes are studied as a function of aging time. The modifications in chemical structure of coatings are characterized by ATR-FTIR analysis. The color change data shows that coatings containing bark extract and lignin stabilizer are the most promising coatings for UV protection of heat treated wood. The results are compared with those of the best available industrial pigmented semitransparent solvent borne coating.

Mahdi Samadzadeh

Petroleum University of Technology, Abadan, Iran

Title lecture

Tung Oil: An Autonomous Healing Agent for Self Healing Coatings Based on Microcapsules as Core Material

Authors

M. Samadzadeh, S. Hatami Boura, M. Peikari, M. Kasiriha, A. Ashrafi

Abstract

The capability of the encapsulated Tung oil was investigated as a crack healing agent for self healing coatings. Encapsulation of Tung oil with urea-formaldehyde shell was carried out by in-situ polymerization. Before the mechanical agitation of microcapsules into epoxy resin (EPON-828), their characteristics were evaluated by optical microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Released Tung oil from ruptured microcapsules healed the artificial crack in the coating matrix successfully. The self repairing process observed on optical microscopy; corrosion resistance of healed area was evaluated by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and the results were compared with neat epoxy coating.

Jitlada Sansatsadeekul

Polymer Science and Technology, Mahidol University, SALAYA, Thailand

Title lecture

Self-Assembling of Comb-like Amine Functionalized Dextran Surfactant Polymers as a SPR-Sensing Surfaces

J. Selvakumar

Department of Chemistry, Loyola Institute of Frontier Energy, Loyola College Chennai, India

Title lecture

Evaluation of Vapor pressure measurements of M(tmhd)x [M= La(III), Sr(II) and Mn(III); tmhd - 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedione] for Plasma-assisted LICVD process of metal oxide thin films

Authors

Abstract

The congruent vaporization of La(tmhd)3, Sr(tmhd)2 and Mn(tmhd)3 were verified from the molar mass of the vapor species obtained using FAB-mass spectra (MS), thermogravimetry (TG) and vacuum sublimation techniques. The sublimed product was found to have the same XRD and FT-IR as the initial product taken. The equilibrium vapor pressures over a temperature span of 395-542 K was determined by adapting a calibrated horizontal dual arm single furnace thermo-analyzer as a transpiration apparatus. The temperature dependence of pe/Pa could be represented as Clausius - Clapeyron equation by the least squares expression are:

La(tmhd)3: ln[pe/pa\ = -13695 ± 369 K/T + 36 ± 1 (446-509 K) r = 0.9964
Sr(tmhd)2: ln[pe/pa] = -10113 ± 441 K/T + 27 ± 1 (457-542 K) r = 0.9869
Mn(tmhd)3: ln[pe/pa] = -9465 ± 496 K/T + 29 ± 1 (395-437 K) r = 0.9918

The equilibrium vapor pressure data yielded a straight line when ln pe- was plotted against reciprocal temperature, leading to standard enthalpy of sublimation (ΔsubH°) values of 114±3, 84±3 and 79±4 kJ mol^-1 for La, Sr and Mn tmhd complexes, respectively. The activation energy of the complexes was calculated from non-isothermal TG studies using model fitting and isoconversional techniques. Thin films were grown at 773 K on alumina and Si substrates using a single solution source of La, Sr and Mn tmhd complexes dissolved in triglyme. These films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray for their composition and morphology. The surface morphology analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a grainy and densely packed agglomerates structure for films. Chemical analyses by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis showed the presence of lanthanum and strontium in the films, due to lower percentage of Mn added in the process, could not be identified from EDX analysis. Complete evaporation as single step at lower temperature of the synthesized precursors is identified themselves as an ideal precursor for CVD applications.

Pauline Smith

US Army Research Laboratory, Deer Creek Loop, MD, USA

Title lecture

Intumescent coatings for application on Munition containers

Authors

Pauline Smith, Chris Mealy², Carol Wong², and William Ruppert²

²Hughes Associates, Inc. 3610 Commerce Drive Suite 817, Baltimore, MD 21227, USA

Abstract

Currently, the U.S. Army is evaluating the application of coatings applied to the exterior of ammunition containers to provide thermal protection to the stored munitions. Intumescent coatings are coatings that typically expand approximately 5 to 30 times the original thickness during a fire exposure. The char layer created during this expansion insulates the substrate from heat which slows the heating of the munition, thereby delaying any potential burning, deflagration, or detonation. Intumescent coatings have been successful in passive fire protection applications; however several physical tests related to the robustness of intumescent coating systems have shown poor results. This is mainly due to their limited flexibility and impact and moisture resistance. The intumescent coatings also do not fully meet sequential rough handling (SRH) requirements [1], especially at cold temperature extremes where the coatings tend to shatter off of the substrate. SRH tests are intended to be arduous to determine how long a system will endure extremes in the field before beginning to fail. The risks associated with the use of intumescent coatings are that they will not provide enough thermal insulation for the munitions, or that pockets of energetic material in the munitions may heat up during a slow cook-off scenario, causing premature detonation. Some coatings have also been observed to have durability issues when exposed to harsh environments as well as fire events.

Sheila Shahidi

Technical University of Liberec, Department of Textile Chemistry, Faculty of Textile, Liberec, Czech Republic

Title lecture

Influence of plasma sputtering treatment on wool natural dyeing and their antibacterial activity

Authors

M.Ghoranneviss, S.Shahidi, J.Wiener, H.Shahbakhti, A.Hatmi

Abstract

Low temperature plasma treatment has been conducted in textile industry and has some success in the dyeing and finishing processes. PET fibers have been increasingly used in textile industries for a variety of applications ranging from filtration, composites, and tissue engineering and electronic textiles. The surface properties of these polymer fibers are of importance in various applications. The surface properties of PET fibers can be modified by different techniques. The affinity of Polyester fibers to natural dyes is too weak, so many research have done to improve the dyeability of this fiber. In this research work, one side of PET fabrics was coated by Platinum using DC magnetron sputtering. The textile properties of Pt-coated polyester fabrics were evaluated by different standard testing methods in terms of both physical and chemical performances. The dye ability of coated and uncoated samples to different natural and synthetic dyes was evaluated. The antibacterial counting test was used for determination of antibacterial efficiency of both treated and untreated samples, and durability of antibacterial properties was compared. The results show that, the existence of platinum nanolayer on the surface of PET fabrics causes improve the dyeability of fabrics. However, this improvement for natural dyes is more significant. Also the antibacterial activity of natural dyed samples is notable.

Hossein Tavakoli

Mining and Metallurgical Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

Title lecture

Nano SiC-nickel composite coatings from a sulfamat bath using direct current and pulse direct current

Authors

R. Heidari, H. Tavakoli, S.M. Mousavi khoie

Abstract

Composite plating is a method through which the fine particles of metallic or non-metallic compounds are co-deposited in a plated layer to improve surface properties such as lubrication, wear resistance and corrosion resistance. In this study, nanosize SiC particles were co-deposited with nickel from sulfamate bath using pulse and DC currents. Scanning electron microscopy, micro-hardness, wear and corrosion tests were carried out to characterize the coating properties. The results showed that micro-hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance of Ni-SiC composite coatings increased compared to those of Ni films. Keywords: Electrodeposition, Nanocomposite coatings, Sulfamat bath, SiC, Wear, Corrosion

Prof. Dr. David I. Tetelbaum

Leading Researcher, Physico-Technical Research Institute, of University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

Title lecture

Unusual influence of weak light irradiation on defect and defect-related properties of metal foils and semiconductor wafers covered with thin dielectric films

Authors

D.I. Tetelbaum, E.V. Kuril´chik, S.V. Tikhov, Yu.A. Mendeleva, G.P. Pokhil

Abstract

Recently we have discovered some unusual effect for metal foils and semiconductor wafers irradiated at certain conditions by the white light with rather weak (practically nonheating)intensities. The effect manifests itself in the change of defect-related properties revealed near the sample side that is opposite to the irradiated one. This phenomenon was investigated by means of several methods: microhardness, Rutherford back-scattering/channeling and photo-e.m.f. This effect only takes place for samples covered by thin dielectric films, e.g. native oxide. Most prominent features of the effect are as follows.

• The effect is observed for many kinds of materials: metal foils (Cu, Ni, Mo, Co, Al, permalloy, amorphous alloys, etc.) and semiconductor wafers (Si, GaAs).
• The effect is not revealed for the samples with low concentration of extended defects, such as "dislocation-free" silicon and perfect epitaxial layers.
• In the case of irradiation with unfiltered white light, changes only take place at the side, that is opposite to the irradiated one; however, the changes take place on each sides, if the filter cutting off the short-wave part of spectrum is used.
• Dependence of the change magnitude on irradiation duration has nonmonotonous shape.
• After stopping the irradiation, the effect magnitude falls down; the characteristic time of the magnitude vanishing is ~30 min at room temperature and decreases with elevation of temperature with the activation energy ~0.2 eV.

It is proposed that the effect is caused by the excitation of acoustic waves in the film-substrate system. These waves result in transformation of state of defects and change in the defect-related properties of solids. Role of photoemission of electrons from metal or semiconductor into dielectric layer is considered and conformed by influence of spectral composition of light.

Jesus Manual Vega

CENIM/CSIC, Departamento de Ingeniería de Materiales, Degradación y Durabilidad, Madrid Spain

Title lecture

Corrosion inhibition of aluminum by alkyd paints formulated with anion-exchange hydrotalcite

Authors

J.M. Vega, N. Granizo, J. Simancas, B. Chico, I. Díaz, D. de la Fuente and M. Morcillo

Abstract

The hydrotalcite structure is an ionic lamellar solid with positively charged layers with two kinds of metallic cations and exchangeable hydrated gallery anions. The exchangeable property is the main reason for the development of hydrotalcite compounds in order to substitute the hexavalent chromium compounds (chromates) as inhibitive pigments in chromate-free organic coatings. The studies conducted with this anion-exchange pigment showed anticorrosive efficiency depending on the experimental conditions.

In this study alkyd paint coatings formulated with Al-Zn-decavanadate hydrotalcite (different pigment concentration was studied) were applied on aluminum specimens. The painted panels were subjected to different accelerated tests (humidity, salt spray and Kesternich). Atmospheric exposure tests were also carried out in atmospheres with different corrosivity. Traditional zinc chromate pigment was also included in the study for comparative purposes.

In this paper the results obtained in accelerated corrosion tests, atmospheric exposure and electrochemical studies are shown. Anion-exchange hydrotalcite compounds lead to corrosion inhibition of the underlying aluminium substrate. The inhibition is due to the release of decavanadate from Al-Zn hydroxide-based hydrotalcite particles into the electrolyte that has permeated through the paint coating.

Perumal Venkatesan

Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi,India

Title lecture

Corrosion Behavior of reinforcement with speciality coating embedded in concrete and Exposed At Atmospheric, High Tide Levels And Immersed In Seafloor For Four Years

Authors

P.Venkatesan, A.Madhava Mayandi

Abstract

Corrosion of reinforcement is a major problem in the concrete structures constructed in marine as well as in industrial areas. In this research paper corrosion of mild steel plain reinforced concrete exposed at atmospheric, high tide levels and immersed in seafloor for four years is presented. The reinforcements are coated with speciality coatings for corrosion protection namely cement polymer composite. The corrosion behavior of coated as well as uncoated reinforcement is monitored periodically using Open Circuit Potential (OCP) measurements. After completion of four years the reinforced concrete specimens were subjected to the following measurements linear polarisation resistance (LPR), a.c. impedance, electrochemical noise (ECN) and weight loss. Based on the above measurements using Stern-Geary equation the corrosion rate was calculated. Corrosion rate was greater for the specimens immersed in seafloor. The pH measurement, chloride analyses were also carried out. The results are presented and discussed. Biofouling was predominant on completion of three months immersion.

dr. Jörg Ulrich Zilles

Quarzwerke GmbH, High Performance Fillers, Frechen, Germany

Title lecture

Highly transparent Micro Fillers for the Enhancement of UV-Curable Lacquers

Authors

J.U.Zilles

Abstract

The usage of micronized fillers in UV curing parquet lacquers is not common due to lack of transparency.Nevertheless there is the tendency, to use fillers more and more to increase scratch resistance and for cost reduction reasons. Nano additives are able to increase scratch resistance but the usage is limited due to lack of economic efficiency. Formulations for highly transparent, lacquers on the basis of different acrylat-binders have been developed with different micro-High-Performance-Fillers. A characterization regarding optical and applicable properties as well as different methods of scratch resistance tests were made.

Dr Eng. Ernesto Zumelzu

Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile

Title lecture

Vibrational effects on the viscoeleastic coating in metal-polymer laminates

Authors

E. Zumelzu, R.Pereira, JP. Arenas, F. Rull, R. Silva

Abstract

This research is mainly focused on the study of the delamination phenomena taking place in metal-polymer laminates used in containers. The selected material is an electrolytic chromium coated steel (ECCS), surface protected by polyethylene teraphthalate (PET) copolymer, which is an advanced, knowledge-intensive, and multifunctionalmaterial due to its properties of adhesion and corrosion resistance.

The main objective of this work was the study of the vibrational effects on the viscoelastic coating protecting the steel. Hence, mechanical resonance tests in metal-polymer (ECCS-PET) sheets in order to generate vibratory conditions to induce structural modifications in the viscoelastic layer covering the surface of the plates were performed. As a result, schematic representations of the areas affected by these modifications were made. The modified structures were later analyzed by electron microscopy to detect and evaluate alterations in the morphology of the material. Also, vibrational Raman spectroscopy analyses were performed to assess the chemical and structural changes on the protective PET at the metal-polymer interface level. The results of this study are expected to provide fundamental information on the mechanisms and nature of the delamination processes taking place in metal-polymer laminates employed in container applications, by means of vibratory tests, in order to generate the necessary knowledge to improve the technological developments in the manufacturing and food sectors.